Summer Savory
In short
Summary of findings for quick reference
Summer savory is a garden plant with an unusually unbroken paper trail. Roman cooks pounded satureia with pepper, cumin and rue for Lucanian sausage, and the Carolingian estate ordinance of about 795 orders it into every imperial estate garden, in the same list as the beans and peas it would come to season. From those estate and cloister gardens it spread across Central Europe, where imported pepper was dear and a sharp garden herb was worth having. Culpeper set the household reading down in the 1650s: savory is hot and dry, and it expels wind. That line still describes what the herb is used for at home. The tradition is European and Persian, long and continuous rather than wide.
The chemistry explains both the taste and the caution. The volatile oil can reach about five percent of the dried herb and is led by carvacrol and thymol, the same phenols that give thyme and oregano their bite, with wide swings by origin and season. Alongside it sits a water soluble fraction of Lamiaceae tannins and rosmarinic acid. In the laboratory those phenols are membrane active, which is why savory oil holds back a broad range of bacteria and fungi in culture, and one study found the oil relaxed isolated rat ileum and checked diarrhoea in mice, the old carminative use played out in the laboratory, though with the concentrated oil rather than the tea. All of that is in vitro and animal work. Human evidence amounts to one small double blind trial, in 80 denture wearers, using a one percent gel of the essential oil on the palate. The first review devoted to this species says openly that peer reviewed studies on it are scarce.
In the European Union summer savory is a food and a spice. There is no monograph from the EMA or the former German Commission E and no authorised health claim, while in the United States the herb and its oil are listed as generally recognised as safe for flavouring. Two practical cautions complete the picture. First, the species. Winter savory, Satureja montana, is a different perennial plant sold under the same German name, and much of the research and folk record belongs to it. Second, the preparation. The essential oil is a concentrate that irritates skin and mucous membranes and must never be swallowed undiluted, and reviews advise against giving savory as a remedy to children, pregnant women or breastfeeding women. As a kitchen herb it is simply food.
Clinical evidence ↔ Historical significanceWe display two separate evidence categories: clinical evidence from modern trials and historical significance from documented healing tradition. Both are valuable, but they answer different questions.Read more
In every encyclopedia entry we evaluate two distinct categories of evidence. Clinical evidence as used in trials meets a narrower but scientifically essential bar. At the same time, the hundreds of thousands of plant species worldwide have only partially been captured and tested in modern studies.
Alongside the trial picture our researchers compile a comprehensive overview of where and since when a plant has been used across different traditions of natural medicine. When a plant has been used as a medicinal plant in many cultures across many generations, that historical significance deserves to be visible too.
Our position: a truly informative overview emerges only when both categories sit side by side. We communicate transparently what counts as what.
Overview
Summer savory, Satureja hortensis L., is an aromatic annual of the mint family, the Lamiaceae, with narrow linear leaves and small pale flowers. The part used is the flowering aerial herb, fresh or dried, and in concentrated form the steam distilled essential oil. Its taste is peppery and resinous, close to thyme and oregano, and it has been the classic seasoning for beans and pulses for a very long time, which is exactly what the German name Bohnenkraut records.
The plant is native from Italy and the western Balkans to the Caucasus and Kazakhstan, and it has been grown in European gardens since Roman times. In the European Union it is a food and a spice, with no herbal monograph and no authorised health claim, and in the United States the herb and its essential oil are listed as generally recognised as safe for flavouring. The research is thin and mostly laboratory based, while the kitchen and household tradition behind it is long and unbroken.
History
Summer savory is an Old World garden plant whose written trail runs without a break from Rome to the present. Roman cookery knew it as satureia. The recipe collection handed down under the name of Apicius pounds it with pepper, cumin, rue, parsley and laurel berries for Lucanian sausage, and sprinkles it over fish cooked with onions and over young onions braised with salt pork. The decisive northern document is Carolingian. The estate ordinance known as the Capitulare de villis, issued around 795 under Charlemagne, orders in its chapter 70 that every imperial estate garden grow a long list of plants. Satureiam stands there right after sinape, the mustard, and in the same list as the beans, broad beans and peas it would one day season. From those estate and cloister gardens the plant spread across Central Europe, where imported pepper was dear and a sharp, peppery garden herb was worth having.
The early modern herbals kept savory in the medicine chest as well as the pot. Nicholas Culpeper, writing in London in the 1650s, put it under Mercury and did not mince his words. There was no better remedy against colic, he wrote, and anyone who loved themselves and their ease should keep it dried by them all the year. The summer kind was the best, sharp and quick in taste, expelling wind in the stomach and bowels. His catalogue of simples condenses the same view into one line: summer savory hot and dry in the third degree, winter savory not so hot, both of them expel wind. Household practice has kept that carminative reading ever since, and the plant stayed where it had always been, in the kitchen rather than the pharmacy.
Its names tell the rest of the story. Linnaeus fixed the binomial Satureja hortensis, the savory of the garden, in his Species Plantarum of 1753. Across Europe the plant was named after the spice it stood in for, as German Pfefferkraut, Hungarian borsfű and French poivrette all show. German speakers also call it Wurstkraut or Kölle, and Austrians Beizkräutel. In Bulgaria the herb is chubritsa, the most used kitchen herb in the country. It seasons kavarma, meat slowly stewed with vegetables, wine and black pepper in a clay pot, and the meat filling of sarmi, cabbage rolls wrapped in sauerkraut leaves. Spice blends sold abroad as chubritza only borrow the name, because in Bulgaria the word means the pure herb, and the blend is sharena sol, coloured salt. Georgian cooks put savory into most versions of khmeli suneli, and Iranian kitchens and household medicine know it as marzeh. Today it is grown as a field crop above all in Hungary, Bulgaria and Serbia.
Mechanism
The character of summer savory sits in two fractions. The first is the volatile oil, which can reach about five percent of the dried herb and is dominated by the phenolic monoterpenes carvacrol and thymol. Published analyses put carvacrol between roughly 11 and 67 percent of the oil and thymol between 0.3 and 28.2 percent, with gamma-terpinene at 15.3 to 39 percent and p-cymene at 3.5 to 19.6 percent. Those ranges are very wide, and that matters: origin, season, growing conditions and harvest time move the profile so much that one batch of savory is not chemically the same material as the next. The second fraction is the water soluble one. The herb carries tannins of the type typical for the mint family, reported up to about eight percent, and a phenolic profile led by rosmarinic acid, measured at about 24.9 milligrams per gram in a methanolic extract, alongside caffeic acid, apigenin, luteolin, quercetin and their glycosides.
What the laboratory shows follows from that chemistry. Carvacrol and thymol are membrane active phenols, the accepted explanation for the broad antimicrobial readings reported for savory oil against bacteria and yeasts in vitro. Rosmarinic acid and the tannins account for the antioxidant readings of the extracts in chemical assays. On the digestive side, Hajhashemi and colleagues in Isfahan found in 2000 that the essential oil relaxed isolated rat ileum contracted with potassium chloride or acetylcholine, acting against potassium chloride much like the antispasmodic drug dicyclomine, and that 0.1 millilitres per 100 grams of body weight checked castor oil induced diarrhoea in mice. That is the laboratory shape of the old carminative use. It was found in isolated tissue and in animals, though, and no controlled study has yet tested whether savory tea does anything comparable in people.
The clinical literature on summer savory is very thin. A 2018 review in Molecules, the first devoted to this species, states plainly that peer reviewed studies presenting scientific data on Satureja hortensis are scarce. One human trial stands out. Between July 2010 and May 2011 Sabzghabaee and colleagues, publishing in 2012, ran a double blind randomised trial at dental clinics of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 80 complete denture wearers with denture stomatitis, 40 per group. One group applied a one percent gel of summer savory essential oil twice daily for two weeks, the other a placebo gel. In the savory group palatal redness and Candida albicans colony counts fell by a statistically significant margin. The placebo group improved too, which the authors put down to the denture hygiene rules both groups followed, and they report no direct statistical comparison between the groups. It is a single centre trial of modest size in one narrow dental condition, and it tested a topical gel of the concentrated oil. It says nothing about savory as a food or a tea.
Everything else is preclinical. Reviews gather antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiparasitic findings from cell culture, chemical assays and animal and veterinary models, and the antispasmodic and antidiarrhoeal work described above belongs to that group. Some review articles, one of them written from a commercial herbal company in Kansas, go much further and present summer savory as a prevention or treatment for diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer and Alzheimer's disease. No human trial supports that framing. The species needs watching too. A good part of the savory literature and of the Balkan folk record is about winter savory, Satureja montana, a different perennial species, and its results are not transferred to summer savory here.
Evidence
| Outcome | Class | Grade | Effect | Studies |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Digestive comfort after meals, wind and fullnessEuropean household practice has used savory as a warming seasoning and after meal tea for wind and heaviness since at least Culpeper in 1653, and Iranian tradition records stomach and intestinal use. No controlled human study exists and no regulator indication covers it.Adults using the culinary herb or the household tea | TraditionalTraditional use. Long-standing folk practice or EMA HMPC traditional-use monograph. | DEvidence quality grade D. Preliminary signal. A single small trial, pilot result, or laboratory or animal model. Clinical relevance unclear. This is an evidence rating, not a product endorsement. | Traditional use only | |
| Intestinal cramping and diarrhoeaHajhashemi 2000: the essential oil relaxed rat ileum contracted by potassium chloride and acetylcholine and reduced castor oil induced diarrhoea in mice. Isolated tissue and animal work with the concentrated oil, not a human finding and not a claim for the tea.Isolated rat ileum and mice, essential oil | EmergingEmerging research. Early small trials suggest an effect but await replication. | IEvidence quality grade I (Insufficient). Not enough evidence to draw a conclusion. More research needed. This is an evidence rating, not a product endorsement. | Preclinical only | |
| Denture stomatitis, topical essential oil gelSabzghabaee 2012: in a double blind trial in 80 denture wearers, a one percent gel of the essential oil applied twice daily for two weeks brought a statistically significant fall in palatal redness and Candida albicans counts. The placebo group improved too, and the paper gives no direct statistical comparison between the two groups. One small single centre trial, with the concentrated oil applied topically, not the herb or the tea.80 complete denture wearers, one percent gel for two weeks | EmergingEmerging research. Early small trials suggest an effect but await replication. | DEvidence quality grade D. Preliminary signal. A single small trial, pilot result, or laboratory or animal model. Clinical relevance unclear. This is an evidence rating, not a product endorsement. | One small trial | |
| Antimicrobial activity of the essential oilReviews consolidate broad antimicrobial readings for the carvacrol rich essential oil against bacteria and Candida species in culture. This is in vitro work on a concentrate. It says nothing about infection in people and is not an authorised health claim.In vitro, bacteria and yeasts | EmergingEmerging research. Early small trials suggest an effect but await replication. | IEvidence quality grade I (Insufficient). Not enough evidence to draw a conclusion. More research needed. This is an evidence rating, not a product endorsement. | Laboratory only | |
| Antioxidant readings of the herb extractExtracts rich in rosmarinic acid and Lamiaceae tannins score well in chemical antioxidant assays and in some animal models. These are laboratory measurements. EFSA has not authorised general antioxidant claims, so this is context and not a benefit statement.In vitro chemical assays and animal models | EmergingEmerging research. Early small trials suggest an effect but await replication. | IEvidence quality grade I (Insufficient). Not enough evidence to draw a conclusion. More research needed. This is an evidence rating, not a product endorsement. | Laboratory only |
The studies that matter.
In a double blind randomised trial at dental clinics in Isfahan, 80 complete denture wearers with denture stomatitis applied a one percent gel of summer savory essential oil or a placebo gel twice a day for two weeks, 40 per group. In the savory group palatal redness and Candida albicans colony counts fell by a statistically significant margin. The placebo group improved too, and the paper reports no direct test between the groups. It is the only notable human trial for this plant, small and from a single centre, and it tested a topical gel of the concentrated oil.
Sabzghabaee AM, Davoodi N, Ebadian B, Aslani A, Ghannadi A. Sabzghabaee AM, Davoodi N, Ebadian B, Aslani A, Ghannadi A. Clinical evaluation of the essential oil of Satureja hortensis for the treatment of denture stomatitis. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2012;9(2):198-202. doi:10.4103/1735-3327.95236 doi:10.4103/1735-3327.95236In isolated rat ileum, savory essential oil relaxed contractions brought on by potassium chloride or acetylcholine, acting against potassium chloride about as well as the antispasmodic drug dicyclomine. In mice, 0.1 millilitres per 100 grams of body weight checked castor oil induced diarrhoea. This is laboratory and animal work with the concentrated oil. The result fits what household practice credits the herb with against wind and cramping, and it is still not a finding in people.
Hajhashemi V, Sadraei H, Ghannadi AR, Mohseni M. Hajhashemi V, Sadraei H, Ghannadi AR, Mohseni M. Antispasmodic and anti-diarrhoeal effect of Satureja hortensis L. essential oil. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;71(1-2):187-192. doi:10.1016/s0378-8741(99)00209-3 doi:10.1016/s0378-8741(99)00209-3The first review devoted to summer savory gathered a decade of research on its chemistry and activity. It reports a volatile oil of up to five percent of the dried herb, led by carvacrol, thymol, gamma-terpinene and p-cymene in very variable proportions, and rosmarinic acid as the main phenolic of the extract. Its own verdict is that peer reviewed studies on the plant are scarce, and almost all of the activity it reviews is laboratory work.
Fierascu I, Dinu-Pirvu CE, Fierascu RC, Velescu BS, Anuta V, Ortan A, Jinga V. Fierascu I, Dinu-Pirvu CE, Fierascu RC, Velescu BS, Anuta V, Ortan A, Jinga V. Phytochemical profile and biological activities of Satureja hortensis L.: a review of the last decade. Molecules. 2018;23(10):2458. doi:10.3390/molecules23102458 doi:10.3390/molecules23102458This 2023 food science review covers the composition, food and feed uses and tolerability of summer savory. Its safety section cautions people who take medicines for a chronic condition and states that savory is not recommended for children, pregnant women or breastfeeding women, because evidence of safe use in these groups is lacking. It is a narrative review, and it takes the caution for children, pregnancy and breastfeeding from the 2014 review by Hamidpour and colleagues.
Ejaz A, Waliat S, Arshad MS, Khalid W, Khalid MZ, Rasul Suleria HA, Luca MI, Mironeasa C, Batariuc A, Ungureanu-Iuga M, Cotovanu I, Mironeasa S. Ejaz A, Waliat S, Arshad MS, et al. A comprehensive review of summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.): promising ingredient for production of functional foods. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1198970. doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1198970 doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1198970
Usage
Forms and preparation
In the kitchen the herb is used fresh or dried and goes in late, because its aroma is volatile and a long simmer drives it off. It is the classic seasoning for beans, green beans, lentils and peas, and it suits mushrooms, potatoes and cabbage just as well. In Austrian and German cooking it goes into bean dishes, pickles and sausage, and it often turns up in herbes de Provence too. The taste is peppery and resinous, so a light hand serves best, because too much makes a dish bitter. As a household remedy the dried flowering herb is infused. About one to two teaspoons are poured over with a cup of hot water and left covered for five to ten minutes, then taken after a meal. The same infusion, once cooled, is used as a gargle. Tinctures and dry extracts exist but are uncommon. The steam distilled essential oil is a separate and far more concentrated product, used in flavouring and cosmetic work and, in the one published clinical study, as a one percent gel applied to the mucosa. It is not a home remedy to be taken by the spoon.
Dosage
There is no official dosage for summer savory, because no European Union herbal monograph and no pharmacopoeial preparation exist to define one. Culinary amounts are the well characterised use and are simply food. In household practice the infusion described above is taken once to three times a day for a short period rather than continuously. The essential oil has no established oral dose and must not be taken undiluted. The one notable human study used a one percent topical gel over two weeks. Because the carvacrol content of savory preparations swings widely with origin and season, the product label is the practical reference, and anything beyond kitchen amounts is worth discussing with a doctor or pharmacist.
Special populations
In normal cooking amounts summer savory is ordinary food for the whole household. As a remedy it is a different matter. Two reviews of the plant state that savory is not recommended for children, pregnant women or breastfeeding women, because there is not enough evidence of safe use in these groups. The essential oil is not for internal use in any of them.
Safety
Drug interactions
There is no regulator interaction list for summer savory, because no European Union herbal monograph exists, and no controlled human interaction study has been published. Two reviews of the plant caution anyone taking medicines for diabetes, low blood sugar, high blood pressure, bleeding disorders or another chronic condition, and advise them to talk to a doctor before using savory as a remedy. Culinary amounts are food and need no special handling. Extracts and the essential oil are worth mentioning to a doctor or pharmacist alongside any regular medication.
Contraindications
There is no official contraindication list for summer savory, because the plant has no European Union herbal monograph. The following are precautionary. Known allergy to summer savory or to other plants of the mint family. Concentrated preparations and the essential oil for children, in pregnancy and while breastfeeding, where safe use has not been established. Undiluted internal use of the essential oil, which can irritate the mouth, throat and stomach lining.
Side effects
No undesirable effects are known from culinary use, and the herb is well tolerated as food. The essential oil and other concentrated preparations can irritate skin and mucous membranes, and contact allergy to plants of the mint family is possible though uncommon. If an unexpected reaction occurs, stop use and seek advice.
Look-alikes
Similar plants and look-alikes
Winter savory (Satureja montana)
The mix up that matters most, though it harms no one's health, only the facts. Winter savory is a woody perennial subshrub with tougher, darker, stiffer leaves and a harsher, more bitter taste, while summer savory is a soft annual sown afresh every spring. German shops sell both simply as Bohnenkraut. Much of the Balkan folk record and of the research on savory concerns Satureja montana, so the botanical name on the label or in the paper decides whether a finding belongs to this plant.
Thyme and oregano (Thymus vulgaris, Origanum vulgare)
Close kitchen relatives with the same carvacrol and thymol chemistry and a very similar smell, easily swapped or blended in the dried herb trade. Thyme leaves are smaller, greyer and rolled at the edges, oregano leaves broader and oval. Neither is harmful, but they are different plants with a different official standing. Thyme has a European Union herbal monograph and summer savory has none, so what is officially said about thyme does not carry over to savory.
Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis)
Another narrow leaved plant of the mint family that is often grown in the same herb bed and looks similar before flowering. Hyssop is a perennial that becomes woody at the base, carries deep blue or violet flowers in one sided spikes, and tastes bitter and camphorous rather than peppery. It is a seasoning in its own right, so a mix up spoils a dish rather than causing harm, but hyssop essential oil has its own cautions and should not be treated as savory oil.
The essential oil compared with the dried herb
Not a botanical lookalike but the confusion that actually causes harm. The steam distilled oil is a concentrate in which carvacrol can reach about two thirds of the material, and carvacrol and thymol are phenols that irritate skin and mucous membranes. The oil must never be swallowed undiluted or applied neat to the skin, and it is not a stronger version of the tea. A spoon of dried herb in a pot of soup and a drop of the oil are different materials, and every study result has to be read for which of the two it used.
FAQs
Which part of summer savory is used, and is it the same as winter savory?
The part used is the flowering aerial herb, fresh or dried, and in concentrated form the steam distilled essential oil. Winter savory, Satureja montana, is a different species: a woody perennial with a harsher taste. Both are sold in German as Bohnenkraut, so the botanical name on the label is what tells you which one you have.
Summer or winter savory, which one belongs in the kitchen?
Both, and their flavour is almost indistinguishable. Winter savory tends to taste more bitter, and in the pot the two converge anyway, because the bite fades fast with boiling. The Bohnenkraut of German bean cookery is usually the annual summer kind, sown afresh every spring, while winter savory is a woody perennial that stays in the bed for years. If it matters which one you are buying, check the botanical name on the jar.
Is summer savory approved by the European regulator for any health use?
No. In the European Union summer savory is a food and a spice. Neither the EMA's committee on herbal medicinal products nor the former German Commission E has written a monograph on it, and no health claim has been authorised. Claims for plants under Article 13.1 of the claims regulation are still on hold. What tradition says about savory is history, not an approval.
Is there any clinical evidence for summer savory?
Very little, but there is one real trial. In a double blind randomised trial at dental clinics in Isfahan, 80 people with full dentures and denture stomatitis applied a one percent gel of savory essential oil or a placebo gel twice a day for two weeks. With the savory gel, palatal redness and Candida colonies fell by a statistically significant margin. The placebo group improved as well, and the paper reports no direct test of one group against the other. Everything else is laboratory and animal work, and the first review devoted to the plant calls peer reviewed studies on it scarce.
Can children and pregnant women use summer savory?
In normal cooking amounts yes, summer savory is then ordinary food for the whole household. As a remedy it is a different matter. Two reviews of the plant state that savory is not recommended for children, pregnant women or breastfeeding women, because there is not enough evidence of safe use in these groups. The essential oil is not for internal use in any of them.
How is savory tea made?
In household practice one to two teaspoons of the dried flowering herb are steeped in a cup of hot water, covered, for five to ten minutes and drunk after a meal. Once cooled, the same infusion serves as a gargle. There is no official dose, because no European herbal monograph exists to set one.
Is the essential oil the same thing as the dried herb?
No, and the difference matters. The steam distilled oil is a concentrate dominated by carvacrol and thymol, phenols that irritate skin and mucous membranes. It must never be swallowed undiluted or applied neat to the skin. A spoon of dried herb in a pot of soup and a drop of the oil are not the same material, and findings for one do not carry to the other.
18 sources.
- Sabzghabaee AM, Davoodi N, Ebadian B, Aslani A, Ghannadi A. Sabzghabaee AM, Davoodi N, Ebadian B, Aslani A, Ghannadi A. Clinical evaluation of the essential oil of Satureja hortensis for the treatment of denture stomatitis. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2012;9(2):198-202. doi:10.4103/1735-3327.95236. 2012. doi:10.4103/1735-3327.95236
- Hajhashemi V, Sadraei H, Ghannadi AR, Mohseni M. Hajhashemi V, Sadraei H, Ghannadi AR, Mohseni M. Antispasmodic and anti-diarrhoeal effect of Satureja hortensis L. essential oil. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;71(1-2):187-192. doi:10.1016/s0378-8741(99)00209-3. 2000. doi:10.1016/s0378-8741(99)00209-3
- Fierascu I, Dinu-Pirvu CE, Fierascu RC, Velescu BS, Anuta V, Ortan A, Jinga V. Fierascu I, Dinu-Pirvu CE, Fierascu RC, Velescu BS, Anuta V, Ortan A, Jinga V. Phytochemical profile and biological activities of Satureja hortensis L.: a review of the last decade. Molecules. 2018;23(10):2458. doi:10.3390/molecules23102458. 2018. doi:10.3390/molecules23102458
- Ejaz A, Waliat S, Arshad MS, Khalid W, Khalid MZ, Rasul Suleria HA, Luca MI, Mironeasa C, Batariuc A, Ungureanu-Iuga M, Cotovanu I, Mironeasa S. Ejaz A, Waliat S, Arshad MS, et al. A comprehensive review of summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.): promising ingredient for production of functional foods. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1198970. doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1198970. 2023. doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1198970
- Hamidpour R, Hamidpour S, Hamidpour M, Shahlari M, Sohraby M. Hamidpour R, Hamidpour S, Hamidpour M, Shahlari M, Sohraby M. Summer savory: from the selection of traditional applications to the novel effect in relief, prevention, and treatment of a number of serious illnesses such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer. J Tradit Complement Med. 2014;4(3):140-144. doi:10.4103/2225-4110.136540. 2014. doi:10.4103/2225-4110.136540
- Jafari F, Ghavidel F, Zarshenas MM. Jafari F, Ghavidel F, Zarshenas MM. A critical overview on the pharmacological and clinical aspects of popular Satureja species. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2016;9(3):118-127. doi:10.1016/j.jams.2016.04.003. 2016. doi:10.1016/j.jams.2016.04.003
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Legal notice: The depiction of historical significance and traditional use is context within our encyclopedia and not a health claim for any product, not a treatment promise, and not a substitute for medical advice. What may be stated on product labels, product pages, or in advertising is governed by the applicable legal requirements.