Quail Bush
In short
Summary of findings for quick reference
Quail bush (Atriplex lentiformis) is a large grey saltbush of the genus Atriplex, now placed in the amaranth family (Amaranthaceae). It is native only to the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, where it grows on salt flats, in alkali sinks and desert washes and along canal banks. Cahuilla households ground its seed into flour for mush and small cakes, chewed the fresh leaves or smoked the dried ones for a head cold, and washed with crushed leaves and roots. Tohono O'odham, Akimel O'odham and Quechan people ate the seed as well, and for the Akimel O'odham, also known as the Pima, it was a famine food. The plant has no history in Europe.
There are no studies in people. Of the roughly thirty papers on the species in the PubMed database, almost all deal with salt tolerance, plant physiology, forage value and the clean-up of contaminated soil and wastewater. Only one study has tested extracts of the plant for effects. In the test tube, flavonoids isolated from it mopped up free radicals, and in animals two of the extracts raised blood markers of liver and kidney strain (Awaad 2012). In the EU quail bush would be a novel food and would need authorisation before sale. Findings for other saltbushes, such as the antioxidant and blood sugar work on Atriplex halimus, belong to those species.
Anyone thinking of eating it should take care. No toxin of its own is known from the plant, but the leaves carry plenty of sodium and chloride, oxalate, which binds calcium, and, on fertilised ground, nitrate. The site matters more. Quail bush is planted on mine tailings and takes up zinc and cadmium from the soil. In a pot trial with acidic tailings its leaves held more than 3,000 mg of zinc per kg. In another trial, with selenium-laden salt water, the leaves took up more than 200 times as much selenium as those of plants given none. Seeds from contaminated sites show pockets of concentrated zinc, and the seed is the part people ate. No plant shows this on the outside, so where it grew decides. A mix-up can kill. Tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) grows wild in the same washes and canal banks, has been taken for wild spinach more than once and contains anabasine, a relative of nicotine. The medical literature records fatal poisonings after meals of its cooked leaves. Tree tobacco has long yellow trumpet flowers and smooth blue-green leaves, quail bush mealy grey leaves and tiny greenish flowers.
Clinical evidence ↔ Historical significanceWe display two separate evidence categories: clinical evidence from modern trials and historical significance from documented healing tradition. Both are valuable, but they answer different questions.Read more
In every encyclopedia entry we evaluate two distinct categories of evidence. Clinical evidence as used in trials meets a narrower but scientifically essential bar. At the same time, the hundreds of thousands of plant species worldwide have only partially been captured and tested in modern studies.
Alongside the trial picture our researchers compile a comprehensive overview of where and since when a plant has been used across different traditions of natural medicine. When a plant has been used as a medicinal plant in many cultures across many generations, that historical significance deserves to be visible too.
Our position: a truly informative overview emerges only when both categories sit side by side. We communicate transparently what counts as what.
Overview
Quail bush, Atriplex lentiformis, is a large grey-green saltbush of the Amaranthaceae, the family that absorbed the old goosefoot family Chenopodiaceae. It is native only to the American Southwest and northwestern Mexico, where it grows on salt flats, alkali sinks, dry lake beds, desert washes and canal banks from southern California and the Central Valley across southern Nevada and western Arizona into Baja California and Sonora. Three parts have a documented use. The seed was ground to a meal, the crushed leaves and roots, which lather in water, were used as a soap and wash, and plant guides list the young leaves and shoots as a salty green.
Research on quail bush centres on its salt tolerance and its use in cleaning up contaminated ground, and it has never been studied in people. Because it was not eaten to any significant degree in the EU before 15 May 1997, it would count there as a novel food and could only be sold after authorisation. It has no medicinal monograph and no authorised health claim.
History
The documented story of quail bush belongs to the Indigenous peoples of the Sonoran Desert and the lower Colorado River. Ethnographers recorded their knowledge from 1908 onwards, Daniel Moerman gathered it in Native American Ethnobotany in 1998, and the pattern is the same across several peoples. Cahuilla households ground the seed into flour for mush and small cakes, chewed the fresh leaves or smoked the dried ones for a head cold, and breathed in the steam of crushed flowers, stems and leaves for a blocked nose. The Tohono O'odham (Papago) ate the seed too. The Akimel O'odham (Pima) roasted and parched it, pounded it into meal for mush or gruel, added it to bread flour and fell back on it in famine years. Quechan (Yuma) people boiled the seed into a mush or baked it in a pit. The Pima put a poultice of powdered root on sores, and crushed leaves and roots were used as soap.
Quail bush is a New World plant through and through, as unknown to Europe's herbals as to Christiane's kitchen. John Torrey described it for science in 1853 as Obione lentiformis, in the report of an expedition along the Zuni and Colorado rivers. In 1874 Sereno Watson moved it to the genus Atriplex. Its modern chapter belongs to farming and land care. Quail bush is planted as food and cover for wildlife and livestock and used to restore riverbanks. In the 1970s researchers studied how it copes with heat. Later work turned to how it handles salt and what it takes up from selenium-laden water and from the mine tailings it is now planted on.
Mechanism
What is well studied in quail bush is how it lives with salt. It uses C4 photosynthesis, a form of photosynthesis that saves water in the heat, and moves sodium and chloride out of its living tissue into bladder hairs on the leaf surface, which give the foliage its mealy grey coating. Experiments on its roots show that its salt tolerance depends on how quickly it steps up the proton pumps in its cell membranes under salt stress (Bose 2015). These pumps supply the force the cells use to push sodium out and hold on to potassium. The same salt handling explains both the taste and the caution. The leaf tastes salty because it holds the salt the plant keeps out of its cells. Saltbushes also contain oxalate, nitrate and small amounts of saponins and tannins, and the saponins probably explain why crushed leaves and roots lather in water. Flavonoids, derivatives of quercetin and kaempferol, have been isolated from quail bush itself (Awaad 2012).
Most measurements of oxalate and salt in saltbush leaves come from forage research on another species, the Australian fodder shrub Atriplex nummularia. In field surveys its shoots held 2.4 to 6.4 per cent oxalate in the dry matter, and minerals, mostly salt, make up a sixth to a third of the dry matter. For quail bush these are pointers from a relative, not measurements of the species itself. Likewise, the antioxidant, blood sugar and anti-inflammatory work in laboratory and animal studies on Atriplex halimus, Atriplex lindleyi and Atriplex leucoclada applies only to those species. For quail bush itself there is a test-tube finding on free radicals and one animal study in which two extracts raised liver and kidney markers in the blood (Awaad 2012). Nobody has studied what the plant does in the human body.
Research on Atriplex lentiformis is slim and almost entirely plant science. The PubMed database lists about thirty papers, on leaf physiology and salt tolerance, growth in the heat, forage value for grazing animals, the clean-up of metal-contaminated soil and wastewater, and even automated leaf measurement. A single study tested extracts of the plant (Awaad 2012). In the test tube, flavonoids isolated from it mopped up free radicals. Animals given up to 5 g of extract per kg of body weight showed no signs of poisoning, but two of the extracts raised the liver enzymes ALT and AST and blood urea and creatinine, markers that point to strain on the liver and kidneys. There are no studies in people. Any page that presents quail bush as a researched medicinal plant is confusing it with other saltbushes.
What the literature does show clearly is that this plant takes up zinc from contaminated soil into its leaves and seeds, which matters to anyone thinking of eating it. Kushwaha and colleagues grew quail bush in a greenhouse in acidic, metal-rich tailings from an Arizona mine, mixed with compost. At 15 per cent compost its leaves held more than 3,000 mg of zinc per kg, above the usual threshold for a hyperaccumulator, and at 10 and 20 per cent compost more than 500 mg per kg, the commonly cited toxicity limit for domestic animals. Arsenic and lead from the tailings, by contrast, hardly reached the leaves and shoots, so there zinc is the specific concern. Murawska-Wlodarczyk and colleagues then scanned seeds with synchrotron X-ray fluorescence, a very fine X-ray imaging method. They found pockets of concentrated zinc only in seeds from a contaminated site, in the sensitive shoot and root tissues of the embryo. The seed is the part people ate.
The rest of the record circles the same ground and water. Vickerman, Shannon, Bañuelos, Grieve and Trumble grew thirty saltbushes of various species and origins, two of them quail bush, in outdoor sand beds and watered them with salt water carrying 1 mg of selenium per litre. With chloride salts in the water, quail bush leaves took up 45 to 48 mg of selenium per kg, more than 200 times the level without selenium and in the same range as the other saltbushes. In sulfate-rich water made to match the drainage from San Joaquin Valley farmland, every plant took up far less, quail bush 1.2 to 1.4 mg. Eissa and Abeed grew quail bush in pots of soil laced with cadmium. The leaves took up cadmium, their oxalic acid rose by 129 per cent at the highest dose, and at high doses growth collapsed. The species is valued because it grows on ground where little else will.
Evidence
| Outcome | Class | Grade | Effect | Studies |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seed meal and young shoots as a traditional foodTwentieth-century ethnobotanical records show Cahuilla, Tohono O'odham, Akimel O'odham and Quechan people eating the seed, mostly ground and cooked as a mush. The Akimel O'odham, also known as the Pima, roasted and parched it first, added it to bread flour as well and ate it in famine years. Plant guides list the young shoots as a cooked green too. This is food history and says nothing about nutritional value or health.Indigenous households of the North American deserts | TraditionalTraditional use. Long-standing folk practice or EMA HMPC traditional-use monograph. | DEvidence quality grade D. Preliminary signal. A single small trial, pilot result, or laboratory or animal model. Clinical relevance unclear. This is an evidence rating, not a product endorsement. | Traditional food use | |
| Leaves and roots as a lathering soap and washThe Cahuilla crushed leaves and roots and rubbed them like soap into whatever needed cleaning, and the Pima washed clothing and baskets in the lather of the leaves. Saponins, which occur in the genus, are the likely reason for the lather. Nobody has studied the use in Atriplex lentiformis.Household cleaning use, Cahuilla and Pima records | TraditionalTraditional use. Long-standing folk practice or EMA HMPC traditional-use monograph. | DEvidence quality grade D. Preliminary signal. A single small trial, pilot result, or laboratory or animal model. Clinical relevance unclear. This is an evidence rating, not a product endorsement. | Traditional household use | |
| Head cold and blocked nose (chewed or smoked leaf, steam inhalation)For a head cold the Cahuilla chewed fresh leaves or smoked dried ones, and for a blocked nose they breathed in the steam of crushed flowers, stems and leaves. Nobody has ever studied this.Cahuilla records | TraditionalTraditional use. Long-standing folk practice or EMA HMPC traditional-use monograph. | IEvidence quality grade I (Insufficient). Not enough evidence to draw a conclusion. More research needed. This is an evidence rating, not a product endorsement. | Recorded use, never studied | |
| Any measured effect in peopleThe medical literature database PubMed lists about thirty papers on Atriplex lentiformis, almost all on salt tolerance, plant physiology, forage value and soil clean-up. A single study tested extracts in the laboratory and in animals (Awaad 2012). There are no studies in people.No study in people | InsufficientInsufficient data. No reliable trials or traditional sources available. | IEvidence quality grade I (Insufficient). Not enough evidence to draw a conclusion. More research needed. This is an evidence rating, not a product endorsement. | No human data | |
| Uptake of zinc, cadmium and selenium into the leaves, and of zinc into the seeds (site dependent)Kushwaha 2023 grew quail bush in a greenhouse in acidic mine tailings from Arizona mixed with compost. At 15 per cent compost the leaves held more than 3,000 mg of zinc per kg, above the threshold for a hyperaccumulator, and at 10 and 20 per cent more than 500 mg per kg, the commonly cited toxicity limit for domestic animals. Arsenic and lead, by contrast, hardly reached the leaves and shoots. Murawska-Wlodarczyk 2024 found pockets of concentrated zinc only in seeds from a contaminated site, and Eissa 2019 found cadmium in the leaves of plants grown in cadmium-spiked soil. Watered with selenium-laden salt water, two quail bush lines took 45 to 48 mg of selenium per kg into their leaves, more than 200 times the level without selenium, though only 1.2 to 1.4 mg when the water was also rich in sulfate (Vickerman 2002). Uptake is well documented and a clear reason not to eat plants from contaminated or unknown sites.Plants grown in mine tailings, selenium-laden salt water and cadmium-spiked soil (experiments) | EmergingEmerging research. Early small trials suggest an effect but await replication. | DEvidence quality grade D. Preliminary signal. A single small trial, pilot result, or laboratory or animal model. Clinical relevance unclear. This is an evidence rating, not a product endorsement. | Risk outweighs use on contaminated ground |
Usage
Forms and preparation
The traditional preparations are kitchen work. The seed was the main food. The Pima roasted and parched it, pounded it into meal and cooked it with water as a mush, or added it to bread flour. Russell's account of 1908 also has them roasting the seed in a pit, drying it and stirring it into a thick gruel. The Quechan boiled the seed into a mush, or baked it in a pit, ground it and ate it mixed with water as a stiff dough. The seed is small and fiddly to use, and for the Pima it was famine food. Plant guides list the young leaves and shoots as a cooked green. They taste salty because the leaf holds the salt the plant keeps out of its cells, and several peoples valued the shrub for that salty taste. For washing, the Cahuilla crushed leaves and roots, and the Pima rubbed the leaves in water until they lathered and washed clothing and baskets with them. The Pima put a poultice of powdered root on sores. Quail bush is not sold in Europe, either as a tea or as an extract.
Dosage
The traditional record knows quail bush as a seed food and a soap, not as a measured remedy, and no monograph or pharmacopoeia describes a preparation. So there is no dosage. Not even a rough figure works, because the salt and oxalate in the foliage vary from site to site and what the plant takes up from the ground differs from one harvest to the next. Any amount you see given for quail bush has no evidence behind it.
Special populations
Quail bush has never been studied in pregnancy, breastfeeding or children, so leave it out in all three. The salt load makes it a poor choice on a sodium-restricted diet, and the oxalate load rules it out for anyone who has had calcium oxalate kidney stones or has reduced kidney function. People sensitised to pollen of the goosefoot and amaranth family, a major hay fever trigger in dry regions, may react to the flowering plant.
Safety
Drug interactions
No interaction with medicines has ever been studied for Atriplex lentiformis, and there is no official list. The points below follow from the composition of the edible parts and are not documented interactions. The high sodium load matters if you take blood pressure medicines or diuretics or have been told to limit salt. The high oxalate load matters if you take calcium supplements or your kidney function is being monitored. Nitrate from fertilised ground is a food-safety question rather than a drug interaction. If you take regular medication, talk to your doctor or pharmacist before eating any wild saltbush.
Contraindications
There is no official list of contraindications for quail bush. The points below follow from the plant's composition and the published literature. Pregnancy, breastfeeding and children: nothing has been studied, so leave it alone. Sodium-restricted diets, including those for managed high blood pressure, heart failure or kidney conditions: the foliage carries a high salt load that varies from site to site. History of calcium oxalate kidney stones, or impaired kidney function: the foliage carries oxalate, which binds calcium. Known sensitivity to Amaranthaceae, the goosefoot and amaranth family, whether to the pollen or to related foods such as spinach, beet or quinoa. Any plant gathered from mine spoil, industrial ground, road verges, or canal and ditch banks carrying agricultural drainage, or from a site whose history is unknown.
Side effects
No systematic record of side effects exists, so what follows comes from the plant's composition and the literature on the genus. The foliage tastes strongly of salt, and larger amounts can upset the stomach and gut because of the salt and oxalate. High oxalate intake over long periods is associated with calcium binding and kidney strain. In animals, two extracts of the plant raised liver enzymes and blood urea and creatinine (Awaad 2012). Quail bush is wind-pollinated, and pollen of the goosefoot and amaranth family is among the main hay fever allergens in dry regions, in western North America as in south-eastern Spain. Hay fever symptoms near flowering shrubs are therefore possible, and so are allergic reactions to the plant material. If you react in an unexpected way, stop and get medical advice.
Look-alikes
Similar plants and look-alikes
Tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca)
This is the confusion that can kill. Tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) comes from South America and grows as a shrub or small tree, often several metres tall. It has run wild in Arizona, California, Texas and Mexico, in the same disturbed washes, canal banks and roadsides where quail bush grows. It contains anabasine, a close relative of nicotine that appears to be even more potent in people. The medical literature describes fatal poisonings after meals of cooked tree tobacco leaves that had been taken for wild spinach, another leafy green or a herb. In California, several leaves were enough to cause respiratory arrest and paralysis. Tell them apart before touching anything. Tree tobacco has smooth, soft, blue-green leaves on long stalks, dusted with a waxy bloom, and unmistakable tubular yellow flowers several centimetres long. Quail bush has stiff grey leaves with a mealy, scurfy coating and only tiny greenish wind-pollinated flowers crowded on slender spikes. If a desert shrub near a wash has long yellow trumpets, walk away from it.
Other saltbushes (Atriplex canescens, A. polycarpa, A. hymenelytra)
Several saltbushes share the habitat and the same mealy grey look, and they are easily confused with quail bush. Fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens) is named for the four papery wings on its fruiting bracts, the two small leafy scales that enclose each fruit. Cattle saltbush (A. polycarpa) is smaller with narrow leaves, and desert holly (A. hymenelytra) has stiff, almost white, holly-like toothed leaves. None of them is toxic, and some have their own seed-food records. They differ from quail bush in the shape of their fruit and fruiting bracts, so look at the bracts rather than the leaf colour.
The same plant from a contaminated site
The same plant, carrying an invisible load. Quail bush is planted on acidic, metal-rich mine tailings because it survives there and holds down the metal-laden dust. In experiments arsenic and lead hardly reached its shoots, but zinc and cadmium did. In a pot trial with acidic tailings from an Arizona mine, its leaves held more than 3,000 mg of zinc per kg, above the threshold for a hyperaccumulator, a plant that stores unusual amounts of a metal. In the other treatments they held more than 500 mg per kg, the figure cited as the toxicity limit for domestic animals. Seeds from a contaminated site carry pockets of concentrated zinc in the embryo. In a trial with selenium-laden salt water, its leaves took up more than 200 times as much selenium as those of plants given none. You cannot see contamination on a leaf, so where the plant grew is what counts. Never gather quail bush from mine spoil, industrial ground, roadside verges, or canal and ditch banks receiving agricultural drainage, and leave alone any site whose history you do not know.
FAQs
Which parts of quail bush were used, and how?
Mainly the seed, and also the young leaves and shoots and the root. The seed was roasted or parched, pounded into a meal and cooked as a mush or gruel, or mixed into bread flour, and the Pima ate it in famine years. Plant guides list the young leaves and shoots as a salty cooked green. Crushed leaves and roots lather in water and were used as soap, and the Pima put a poultice of powdered root on sores.
Can quail bush be sold as a food or supplement in Europe?
Not without authorisation. In the EU quail bush would be a novel food, because it was not eaten to any significant degree in the Union before 15 May 1997. Under the Novel Food Regulation (EU) 2015/2283, a novel food needs authorisation before it can be sold. It has no medicinal monograph and no authorised health claim. Christiane's Naturkraft sells no quail bush product.
Is there any clinical evidence for a health benefit?
No. There are no studies of quail bush in people. Of the roughly thirty papers in the PubMed database, almost all deal with salt tolerance, plant physiology, forage value and the clean-up of contaminated soil and wastewater. A single study tested extracts (Awaad 2012). In the test tube, flavonoids isolated from them mopped up free radicals, and in animals two of the extracts raised blood markers of liver and kidney strain. Findings for other saltbushes such as Atriplex halimus belong to those species and cannot be carried over.
Is quail bush safe to eat?
Not as a casual wild green. No toxin of its own is known from the plant, but in animals two of its extracts raised liver and kidney markers. Saltbush leaves are loaded with sodium and chloride, carry oxalate, which binds calcium, and build up nitrate on fertilised ground. Quail bush takes up zinc and cadmium from the soil as well, and selenium from selenium-laden water. In a pot trial with mine tailings, its leaves held more than 3,000 mg of zinc per kg, and seeds from contaminated sites show pockets of concentrated zinc. Where the plant grew matters more than how it is cooked. And tree tobacco, whose leaves can kill, grows in the same washes and canal banks.
What can quail bush be confused with?
The dangerous one is tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca), a shrub that has run wild in Arizona, California, Texas and Mexico in the same disturbed washes, canal banks and roadsides where quail bush grows. It has been mistaken for wild spinach or another leafy green more than once. It contains anabasine, a relative of nicotine, and the medical literature describes fatal poisonings after meals of its leaves. Tree tobacco has smooth blue-green leaves on long stalks and yellow tubular flowers. Quail bush has mealy grey leaves and tiny greenish flowers in slender spikes. Other saltbushes look similar too, but they are not toxic.
Does quail bush have any Austrian or European tradition?
No. Quail bush is native only to the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, and Europe's herbals never knew it. No classical, monastic or Hildegard source mentions it, and it has no place in Austrian household remedies. Its documented history belongs to the Indigenous peoples of the North American deserts.
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