Agrimony

Agrimonia eupatoria L.

Sources

19 listed

Best forTraditionally chosen as a mild astringent tea for a short bout of mild diarrhoea, as a gargle for a sore, slightly inflamed throat, and as a wash or compress for minor skin inflammation and small superficial wounds. These are exactly the three uses the EU herbal monograph lists for traditional herbal medicines.

Clinical evidence

Traditional

Real World Significance

76High historical significance

Breadth 67 Depth 99 Density 53 Convergence 75 Continuity 85

SafetyUsually well toleratedAgrimony is a gentle, tannin-rich herb with a long record of household and pharmacy use. The EMA monograph lists hypersensitivity as the only contraindication, no reported interactions and no known undesirable effects at the recommended doses, and no adverse events were reported during its assessment. With a few straightforward cautions it sits firmly in the safe band.

Tradition

TEMFolk medicine

Common preparations

Tea infusionTinctureLiquid ExtractGargleCompress

In short

Summary of findings for quick reference

Agrimony is one of the old European healing herbs, and its story is written into its name. The species name eupatoria recalls Mithridates VI Eupator, king of Pontus, who died around 63 BCE. In the first century Dioscorides recommends eupatorion for ulcers, dysentery and snakebite, and Pliny calls its seed taken in wine a sovereign remedy for dysentery. After that the line never breaks. The Anglo-Saxons called the plant garclive, Walahfrid Strabo gave it a chapter in his ninth-century monastery garden poem, in Chaucer's time it was egrimoyne, and it went into the famous arquebusade wound water. That long, unbroken record gives agrimony a strong historical significance.

Agrimony's character comes from its tannins, 3 to 11 per cent of the dried herb depending on the analysis, mainly proanthocyanidins and the ellagitannin agrimoniin. Alongside them are flavonoids such as quercetin, isoquercitrin, luteolin and apigenin, phenolic acids and plenty of silica. Tannins bind proteins on mucous membranes and leave a thin, tightening film there. That is a plausible explanation for agrimony's traditional use as a tea for mild diarrhoea and as a gargle. In the laboratory it also acts as an antioxidant and damps inflammation, and two small human studies found changes in liver enzymes, blood lipids and inflammation markers that still await confirmation.

The legal position is clear. The European Medicines Agency's EU monograph (EMA/HMPC/680597/2013, adopted 28 January 2015) lists agrimony as a traditional herbal medicine with three uses, mild diarrhoea, a gargle for minor inflammation of the mouth and throat, and minor skin inflammation and small superficial wounds, all based on long-standing use. Commission E and ESCOP name the same uses. The monograph lists hypersensitivity as the only contraindication, no known undesirable effects and no reported interactions. It does not recommend agrimony in pregnancy, while breastfeeding or for children under twelve. Do not confuse it with hemp-agrimony, Eupatorium cannabinum, which contains liver-damaging pyrrolizidine alkaloids, so buy the herb by its botanical name.

Clinical evidence ↔ Historical significance

We display two separate evidence categories: clinical evidence from modern trials and historical significance from documented healing tradition. Both are valuable, but they answer different questions.

In every encyclopedia entry we evaluate two distinct categories of evidence. Clinical evidence as used in trials meets a narrower but scientifically essential bar. At the same time, the hundreds of thousands of plant species worldwide have only partially been captured and tested in modern studies.

Alongside the trial picture our researchers compile a comprehensive overview of where and since when a plant has been used across different traditions of natural medicine. When a plant has been used as a medicinal plant in many cultures across many generations, that historical significance deserves to be visible too.

Our position: a truly informative overview emerges only when both categories sit side by side. We communicate transparently what counts as what.

Overview

Agrimony, Agrimonia eupatoria, is a slender, yellow-flowered herb of the rose family that grows in dry meadows, hedgerows and woodland edges across Europe, southwest Asia and northwest Africa. The part used is the flowering aerial part, the leafy shoot tips gathered while the plant is in flower, known in pharmacy as Agrimoniae herba. What defines it is a high tannin content. The tannins pucker the tongue and leave it dry, and that is the basis of its classic uses as a tea for mild diarrhoea and as a gargle for a sore throat.

Agrimony is one of the old herbs of the European tradition. Its species name recalls Mithridates VI Eupator, king of Pontus, who died around 63 BCE, and Dioscorides and Pliny both describe the plant in the first century. Through the Old English herbal, monastery gardens and folk medicine its use runs on into modern herbal medicine. Today agrimony herb has a European Pharmacopoeia standard, a positive Commission E monograph, an ESCOP monograph and an EU monograph from the European Medicines Agency, which lists it as a traditional herbal medicine. Laboratory research and the first two small human studies add to the picture.

History

Agrimony's history is written into its names. The species name eupatoria recalls Mithridates VI Eupator, king of Pontus, who died around 63 BCE and was famed for compounding remedies, and it may have been his physician Krateuas who named the plant after him. In the first century Dioscorides describes a plant called eupatorion with a dark, rough stem, toothed leaves and seeds that cling to clothing once dry. Its leaves, pounded with old pork fat, were laid on ulcers slow to heal, and the herb and seed, taken in wine, were given for dysentery and snakebite. Pliny the Elder places the plant under royal patronage and calls its seed taken in wine a sovereign remedy for dysentery, and Galen credits it with a cleansing power that clears obstructions of the liver, together with a slight astringency that gives the organ tone. The description is good enough for classical scholarship to recognise agrimony in it, although a few botanists argued for hemp-agrimony. Linnaeus finally fixed the name Agrimonia eupatoria in 1753.

After that the line never breaks. The Old English herbal, a version of the late antique Herbarius of Pseudo-Apuleius, calls the plant agrimonia or garclive and recommends it for sore eyes, pain in the inwards, wounds, snakebite, warts and the spleen. In the ninth century Walahfrid Strabo, a monk of Reichenau, gives it a chapter of its own in his garden poem Hortulus. Crushed and drunk it tames fierce stomach pain, and on wounds made by iron the cut shoots are laid with vinegar. In Chaucer's time it appears in English as egrimoyne, used with mugwort and vinegar for a bad back and for all wounds. It was also an ingredient of the famous arquebusade water, a wound lotion against injuries from the arquebus that Philippe de Commynes mentions in his account of the Battle of Morat in 1476. Maud Grieve noted as late as 1931 that in France it was still applied to sprains and bruises.

In early modern times agrimony became above all a liver herb. John Gerard recommended a decoction of the leaves for those with naughty livers, Nicholas Culpeper in 1652 praised bathing wounds and sores with the decoction and drinking it against colic and cough, and country people brewed it with other herbs into a blood-cleansing spring drink. In German, folk names such as Leberklette and Leberklee still recall that role, and as late as 1902 Julius Berendes, translator of Dioscorides, noted that agrimony herb remained a popular household remedy in some regions. For gargles and dressings on slow-healing sores and wounds Maud Grieve thought cottage medicine well justified, since this unassuming meadow herb is rich in tannin, about five per cent by her figure.

Mechanism

Agrimony's character comes from its tannins. The flowering herb contains 3 to 11 per cent of them depending on the analysis, mostly condensed tannins, the proanthocyanidins, with the dimeric agrimoniin as the main ellagitannin. The European Pharmacopoeia requires at least 2 per cent. Alongside them the herb holds flavonoids such as quercetin and its glycoside isoquercitrin, luteolin and apigenin, as well as phenolic acids and a notably high silica content. Tannins bind and precipitate proteins on mucous surfaces, leaving a protective, tightening film. This action on the gut lining and on the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat is a plausible explanation for the traditional use as a tea for mild diarrhoea and as a gargle, and it belongs to the whole tannin-rich herb rather than to any single isolated compound.

Beyond its astringency, agrimony has mostly been studied in the laboratory. There its extracts act as antioxidants, damp inflammation and inhibit some bacteria, among them Staphylococcus aureus. In rats a herb extract markedly reduced experimentally induced paw swelling and slightly lowered liver enzymes after liver injury. In isolated human arteries an infusion relaxed constricted vessels, an effect that seems to come mainly from the flavonoid isoquercitrin, while also nudging up the vessels' resting tone. The tightening action on mucous membranes is well understood, and everything beyond it is laboratory work still to be confirmed in people.

Clinically, agrimony is little studied. In its assessment the European Medicines Agency found a single study of agrimony on its own. Twenty people with cutaneous porphyria drank agrimony tea for 15 days, after which their skin eruptions improved and serum iron and urinary porphyrins fell. Without a control group the study allowed no conclusions, so the three recognised uses rest on long, well-documented tradition. The 2022 ethnopharmacology review by Malheiros and colleagues now counts two clinical studies and notes that pharmacology so far gives the folk uses only limited support.

The most informative human study comes from Korea. Eighty adults with mildly to moderately raised liver enzyme ALT took capsules of a water extract of agrimony or a placebo for eight weeks under double-blind conditions. Among the 69 analysed, ALT and triglycerides fell further on agrimony than on placebo, and the liver enzyme AST also took a different course in the two groups, all three differences statistically significant. Alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin and GGT did not differ, and there were no serious side effects. A Bulgarian study without a control group had 19 healthy adults drink a cup of tea made from one gram of herb twice a day for a month. Afterwards their plasma antioxidant capacity and HDL cholesterol were higher and interleukin 6 lower, though total cholesterol rose as well. Both studies are small and measure blood values, not illness. They show where further research would be worthwhile.

What is best established, then, is the herb's chemistry and its astringent action, not a treatment outcome. There are no large randomised trials for diarrhoea, sore throat or skin complaints. In the EU agrimony is classed as a traditional herbal medicine, and no health claim for foods has been authorised. The European Pharmacopoeia names Agrimonia eupatoria as the source plant, Commission E also admitted fragrant agrimony, Agrimonia procera, and a 2015 comparison confirms it as a valid source. The upshot is a herb with a long tradition, a plausible mode of action, a growing laboratory literature and the first small human studies.

Evidence

5 Outcomes evaluated. Sorted by grade.

Outcome	Class	Grade	Effect	Studies
Mild diarrhoea (astringent tea, oral use)Adolescents, adults and the elderly with short-lived mild diarrhoea	Traditional	C	Traditional use
Minor inflammations of the mouth and throat (gargle)Adolescents, adults and the elderly using it as a gargle	Traditional	C	Traditional use
Minor skin inflammation and small superficial wounds (topical)Adolescents, adults and the elderly using a wash, compress or bath additive	Traditional	C	Traditional use
Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and hepatoprotective activityIn vitro and animal models	Emerging	I	Laboratory and animal studies
Liver enzyme ALT, blood lipids and inflammation markers80 adults with raised ALT (placebo-controlled) and 19 healthy tea drinkers (no control group)	Emerging	I	Early human studies	2 studies

Key studies

The studies that matter.

Randomised controlled trial · 2018 · 80 participants
A Korean double-blind trial gave 80 adults with mildly to moderately raised liver enzyme ALT capsules of a water extract of agrimony or a placebo for eight weeks. Among the 69 analysed, ALT and triglycerides fell further on agrimony and AST also took a different course than on placebo, all three differences statistically significant. Alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin and GGT did not differ, and there were no serious side effects. It is the only randomised placebo-controlled trial of agrimony, but it is small, short and measures blood values rather than disease.
Cho YM, Kwon JE, Lee M, Lea Y, Jeon DY, Kim HJ, Kang SC. Cho YM, Kwon JE, Lee M, et al. Agrimonia eupatoria L. (Agrimony) extract alters liver health in subjects with elevated alanine transaminase levels: a controlled, randomized, and double-blind trial. J Med Food. 2018;21(3):282-288. doi:10.1089/jmf.2017.4054
2013 · 19 participants
In Bulgaria, 19 healthy adults drank a cup of tea made from one gram of agrimony herb twice a day for a month. Afterwards their plasma antioxidant capacity and HDL cholesterol were higher and interleukin 6, an inflammatory messenger, was lower, though total cholesterol rose as well. Without a control group the study cannot show that the tea caused these changes. Its authors call it the first human intervention study with agrimony tea, although 20 people with cutaneous porphyria had already drunk the tea in an equally uncontrolled trial in 1984.
Ivanova D, Vankova D, Nashar M. Ivanova D, Vankova D, Nashar M. Agrimonia eupatoria tea consumption in relation to markers of inflammation, oxidative status and lipid metabolism in healthy subjects. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2013;119(1):32-37. doi:10.3109/13813455.2012.729844
Review · 2015
For its monograph the European Medicines Agency reviewed the published literature on agrimony. It found a single clinical study of agrimony on its own, in which 20 people with cutaneous porphyria drank the tea for 15 days and their skin, serum iron and urinary porphyrins improved, though without a control group it allowed no conclusions. The agency therefore based the three traditional uses on long, well-documented use, and no adverse events were reported to it.
EMA HMPC. European Medicines Agency, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products. Assessment report on Agrimonia eupatoria L., herba. EMA/HMPC/680595/2013, 2015. Source
Laboratory study · 2022
Researchers in Coimbra tested agrimony infusion and a polyphenol fraction on pieces of human artery. Both clearly relaxed pre-contracted vessels, the infusion by more than three quarters, and the flavonoid isoquercitrin behaved like the relaxing fraction. The infusion also slightly raised resting tone and strengthened adrenergic contraction. It is a laboratory finding in tissue, not evidence of an effect on blood pressure.
Malheiros J, Simões DM, Antunes PE, Figueirinha A, Cotrim MD, Fonseca DA. Malheiros J, Simões DM, Antunes PE, Figueirinha A, Cotrim MD, Fonseca DA. Vascular effects of polyphenols from Agrimonia eupatoria L. and role of isoquercitrin in its vasorelaxant potential in human arteries. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022;15(5):638. doi:10.3390/ph15050638

Usage

Forms and preparation

The classic preparation is a tea from the dried flowering herb. For diarrhoea the EU monograph gives 1.5 to 4 grams of the chopped herb infused in up to 250 millilitres of boiling water. For gargling the herb is made into an infusion, 1.5 grams to 150 millilitres, or a decoction, and spat out rather than swallowed, two to four times a day. Older households kept it simpler. Maud Grieve poured a pint of boiling water over a handful of the dried herb, stems, leaves and flowers together, and called it an excellent gargle for a relaxed throat. For the skin the dried herb is simmered into a stronger decoction, 3 to 10 grams in up to 250 millilitres of water, and used as a wash, as an impregnated compress on the affected area or as a bath additive for up to thirty minutes. Tinctures and liquid extracts are made as well. The old arquebusade wound water, which contained agrimony, was still being applied in France to sprains and bruises when Grieve wrote in 1931. Always buy the dried herb as Agrimonia eupatoria, never as the unrelated hemp-agrimony.

Dosage

The EU monograph's doses apply to adolescents, adults and older people. For mild diarrhoea, a tea of 1.5 to 4 grams of the chopped herb infused in up to 250 millilitres of boiling water, two to three times daily, or 1 to 4 millilitres of tincture or 1 to 3 millilitres of liquid extract three times daily. For gargling, 1.5 grams of herb infused in 150 millilitres of boiling water, two to four times daily, or a decoction of 3 to 4.5 grams in up to 250 millilitres of water, two to three times daily. Tincture and liquid extract can be used as a gargle too, three times daily in the same amounts as for swallowing. The monograph does not recommend agrimony for children under twelve. For the skin, a decoction of 3 to 10 grams of the chopped herb in up to 250 millilitres of water, applied as an impregnated compress to the affected area or used twice daily as a bath additive, for up to thirty minutes in the bath. Use is meant to be short. See a doctor if diarrhoea lasts longer than three days, if mouth, throat or skin symptoms last more than a week, or if any symptoms get worse.

Special populations

The EMA monograph does not recommend agrimony during pregnancy and lactation because its safety has not been established and there is no fertility data. Nor does it recommend agrimony for children under twelve, because adequate data are lacking. Tinctures and liquid extracts contain ethanol and carry the standard ethanol labelling. People who are pregnant, breastfeeding or treating a child should ask a doctor or pharmacist before using agrimony as a medicine.

Safety

Safety profile

Agrimony is well tolerated in the traditional amounts. The European Medicines Agency monograph lists no contraindications other than hypersensitivity, no reported interactions and no known undesirable effects. It is meant for short, mild complaints. For diarrhoea, see a doctor if it lasts longer than three days, and recurrent diarrhoea or blood in the stool always need medical advice rather than continued self-treatment. The same applies to gargling and skin use if symptoms last more than a week or get worse. The monograph does not recommend agrimony in pregnancy or breastfeeding because its safety has not been established, and standard tests for genotoxicity, carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity have not been carried out. Nor does it recommend agrimony for children under twelve, for lack of adequate data. The name is also easy to confuse. The medicinal herb is Agrimonia eupatoria of the rose family, not hemp-agrimony, Eupatorium cannabinum, an unrelated daisy-family plant of damp ground that contains liver-damaging pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Buy the herb by its botanical name. Tinctures and extracts contain alcohol and must be labelled accordingly.

Drug interactions

The EMA monograph records no interactions. Tannins can bind other substances in the gut, however, and so reduce the absorption of medicines taken at the same time. Take a strong agrimony tea an hour or two apart from other medicines and from iron supplements. Experiments in diabetic mice gave limited evidence that an agrimony extract lowers blood glucose, and folk medicine also credited the herb with diuretic and blood-pressure-lowering effects. Anyone taking medicines for diabetes, high blood pressure or fluid retention who drinks agrimony regularly should tell their doctor. No such interaction has been reported so far.

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to agrimony, the only contraindication in the EMA monograph. Pregnancy and lactation: not recommended, because safety has not been established and there is no fertility data. Children under twelve: not recommended, because adequate data are lacking.

Side effects

At the recommended doses the EMA monograph lists no known undesirable effects, and during the assessment none were reported by member states or found in the literature. Allergic reactions are possible, as with any plant. If any adverse reaction occurs, stop using agrimony and consult a doctor or another qualified health care practitioner.

Look-alikes

Botany

Family

Rosaceae

Native regions

Europe (from the British Isles and Ireland to the Mediterranean, including Austria), Southwest and Central Asia (Türkiye, the Caucasus and neighbouring areas), Northwest Africa and Macaronesia; naturalised sporadically in North America

Harvest window

Flowering aerial parts cut in summer during the flowering period, then dried

Habitat

A herb of dry, sunny meadows, grassy banks, hedgerows, field margins and woodland edges on well-drained, often calcareous soils, native across Europe, southwest Asia and northwest Africa and naturalised sporadically in North America.

Identification & foraging

A slender, upright perennial, usually thirty to sixty centimetres tall and sometimes taller, with softly hairy leaves in which large toothed leaflets alternate with tiny ones along the stalk. From June to September the small yellow five-petalled flowers crowd a long, tapering spike, which earned the plant the English name church steeples. The spikes have a spicy scent that Maud Grieve likened to apricots. After flowering the little flower cups turn into burrs covered in hooked bristles that catch on clothing and fur, the source of the names sticklewort and cocklebur. The part used is the leafy flowering shoot.

Similar plants and look-alikes

Unpleasant

Fragrant agrimony (Agrimonia procera Wallr.)

Fragrant agrimony is a taller, more strongly scented member of the same genus that grows in similar places and is easily mistaken for it. It is not toxic and counts as a valid source of the herb in its own right. The European Pharmacopoeia names only Agrimonia eupatoria, but Commission E also admitted Agrimonia procera, and a 2015 comparison found the same constituents in both, with fragrant agrimony actually richer in agrimoniin. A mix-up is therefore not a safety problem. The two differ mainly in size, scent and the grooves on the fruit.

Toxic

Hemp-agrimony (Eupatorium cannabinum L.)

A completely different plant, linked to agrimony only by old names. Hemp-agrimony, Eupatorium cannabinum, is a tall, pink-flowered perennial of damp ground from the daisy family, with hemp-like divided leaves. English herbalists called it Dutch or water agrimony, and for a long time scholars argued over which of the two plants was the eupatorion of antiquity. Hemp-agrimony contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids that can damage the liver, so it must never be brewed in place of true agrimony. Check the botanical name. The medicinal herb is Agrimonia eupatoria, with small yellow flowers on a spike, never the pink-flowered Eupatorium.

FAQs

What part of agrimony is used and what does it taste like?

The part used is the flowering aerial part, the leafy shoot tips cut while the plant is in flower, known in pharmacy as Agrimoniae herba. The tannins give the tea a dry, slightly puckering taste, a little like strong black tea. The dried herb keeps some of its spicy scent. In Britain it once stood in for black tea, and in France agrimony tea was drunk at table.

When is agrimony harvested, and will it grow in a garden?

The flowering shoot tips are cut while the spikes are in bloom, roughly June to September in central Europe and Britain, then dried and chopped. In the garden agrimony is easy to grow. The hardy perennial likes a sunny, rather lean spot like the meadows and woodland edges where it grows wild, and in the mountains it climbs to around 1,600 metres.

What else has agrimony been used for?

A surprising amount. Dried, it went into the pot in England as a substitute for or addition to black tea, and country people brewed it into a spring drink with other herbs. The whole plant dyes wool yellow after an alum mordant, and the later in the year it is cut, the deeper the yellow. Its tannin even earned it a recommendation for dressing leather. Sheep and goats will eat it, while cattle, horses and pigs leave it alone.

Is agrimony recognised by the European regulator?

Yes, as a traditional herbal medicine. The European Medicines Agency monograph (EMA/HMPC/680597/2013, adopted 28 January 2015) lists three uses: mild diarrhoea, a gargle for minor inflammation of the mouth and throat, and minor skin inflammation and small superficial wounds. They rest on long, well-documented use. On the clinical side the agency found only one small study of agrimony on its own, too little to recognise it as a medicine of proven efficacy.

Is there an authorised EFSA health claim for agrimony?

No. The EU has authorised no health claim for agrimony. Its recognised role is as a traditional herbal medicine, with its own European Medicines Agency monograph.

How long can agrimony tea be used for diarrhoea?

Only briefly, and only for mild cases. The EMA monograph says to see a doctor if diarrhoea lasts longer than three days, and if mouth, throat or skin symptoms last more than a week. Recurrent diarrhoea, blood in the stool or symptoms that get worse need medical advice rather than more self-treatment.

Can agrimony be used in pregnancy, breastfeeding or by children?

The EMA monograph does not recommend use during pregnancy and lactation because safety has not been established and there is no fertility data. Nor does it recommend agrimony for children under twelve, because adequate data are lacking. Anyone in these groups should check with a doctor or pharmacist before using agrimony as a medicine.

Why is agrimony called eupatoria, and how old is its use?

The species name eupatoria recalls Mithridates VI Eupator, king of Pontus, who died around 63 BCE and was famed for compounding remedies. In the first century Dioscorides describes a plant called eupatorion so precisely that classical scholarship recognises agrimony in it, though a few botanists argued for hemp-agrimony, and Pliny gives it royal standing. From there its use can be followed without a gap, through the Old English herbal and Walahfrid Strabo's monastery garden poem into modern herbal medicine.

Is agrimony the same as the Bach flower remedy?

It is the same plant but a different system of use. Edward Bach included agrimony among his thirty-eight flower remedies as an emotional rather than a physical preparation. That is separate from the herbal use of the tannin-rich flowering herb as an astringent tea, gargle and skin wash described in this entry.

References

19 sources.

Ivanova D, Vankova D, Nashar M. Ivanova D, Vankova D, Nashar M. Agrimonia eupatoria tea consumption in relation to markers of inflammation, oxidative status and lipid metabolism in healthy subjects. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2013;119(1):32-37.. 2013. doi:10.3109/13813455.2012.729844
Shamsi-Baghbanan H, Sharifian A, Esmaeili S, Minaei B. Shamsi-Baghbanan H, Sharifian A, Esmaeili S, Minaei B. Hepatoprotective herbs, Avicenna viewpoint. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2014;16(1):e12313.. 2014. doi:10.5812/ircmj.12313
Granica S, Kluge H, Horn G, Matkowski A, Kiss AK. Granica S, Kluge H, Horn G, Matkowski A, Kiss AK. The phytochemical investigation of Agrimonia eupatoria L. and Agrimonia procera Wallr. as valid sources of Agrimoniae herba, the pharmacopoeial plant material. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2015;114:272-279.. 2015. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2015.05.027
Pukalskienė M, Slapšytė G, Dedonytė V, Lazutka JR, Mierauskienė J, Venskutonis PR. Pukalskienė M, Slapšytė G, Dedonytė V, Lazutka JR, Mierauskienė J, Venskutonis PR. Genotoxicity and antioxidant activity of five Agrimonia and Filipendula species plant extracts evaluated by comet and micronucleus assays in human lymphocytes and Ames Salmonella/microsome test. Food Chem Toxicol. 2018;113:303-313.. 2018. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2017.12.031
Cho YM, Kwon JE, Lee M, Lea Y, Jeon DY, Kim HJ, Kang SC. Cho YM, Kwon JE, Lee M, et al. Agrimonia eupatoria L. (Agrimony) extract alters liver health in subjects with elevated alanine transaminase levels: a controlled, randomized, and double-blind trial. J Med Food. 2018;21(3):282-288.. 2018. doi:10.1089/jmf.2017.4054
Malheiros J, Simões DM, Antunes PE, Figueirinha A, Cotrim MD, Fonseca DA. Malheiros J, Simões DM, Antunes PE, Figueirinha A, Cotrim MD, Fonseca DA. Vascular effects of polyphenols from Agrimonia eupatoria L. and role of isoquercitrin in its vasorelaxant potential in human arteries. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022;15(5):638.. 2022. doi:10.3390/ph15050638
Malheiros J, Simões DM, Figueirinha A, Cotrim MD, Fonseca DA. Malheiros J, Simões DM, Figueirinha A, Cotrim MD, Fonseca DA. Agrimonia eupatoria L.: An integrative perspective on ethnomedicinal use, phenolic composition and pharmacological activity. J Ethnopharmacol. 2022;296:115498.. 2022. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2022.115498
Huzio N, Grytsyk A, Raal A, Grytsyk L, Koshovyi O. Huzio N, Grytsyk A, Raal A, Grytsyk L, Koshovyi O. Phytochemical and pharmacological research in Agrimonia eupatoria L. herb extract with anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective properties. Plants (Basel). 2022;11(18):2371.. 2022. doi:10.3390/plants11182371
EMA HMPC (rapporteur W Dymowski). European Medicines Agency, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products. Addendum to assessment report on Agrimonia eupatoria L., herba. EMA/HMPC/626568/2022, 23 November 2022.. 2022. Source
EMA HMPC. European Medicines Agency, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products. European Union herbal monograph on Agrimonia eupatoria L., herba. EMA/HMPC/680597/2013, final, adopted 28 January 2015.. 2015. Source
Walahfrid Strabo. Walahfrid Strabo. Hortulus (Liber de cultura hortorum), chapter XX, Agrimonia. Latin text after Migne, Patrologia Latina 114.. 840. Source
Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte. Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte. Liste der Monographien der E-Kommission (Phyto-Therapie), die im Bundesanzeiger veröffentlicht sind. Stand 31.07.1994. 1994. Source
Pliny the Elder; transl. J. Bostock, H. T. Riley. Pliny the Elder. The Natural History, book 25, chapter 29 (The eupatoria). Translated by John Bostock and H. T. Riley. London: Taylor and Francis, 1855.. 1855. Source
Oswald Cockayne (ed.). Cockayne O. Leechdoms, Wortcunning, and Starcraft of Early England. Vol. 1. London: Longman, 1864. Herbarium of Apuleius, chapter 32 (Agrimony, garclive).. 1864. Source
EMA HMPC. European Medicines Agency, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products. Assessment report on Agrimonia eupatoria L., herba. EMA/HMPC/680595/2013, 2015.. 2015. Source
Maud Grieve. Grieve M. A Modern Herbal: Agrimony. London: Jonathan Cape, 1931. Online edition, botanical.com.. 1931. Source
European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP. Agrimoniae herba (Agrimony). ESCOP Monographs, online series, 2019.. 2019. Source
Pedanios Dioskurides; Julius Berendes (translator). Berendes J (transl.). Des Pedanios Dioskurides aus Anazarbos Arzneimittellehre in fünf Büchern. Stuttgart: Enke, 1902. Book III, chapter 11 (13), Dipsakos.. 1902. Source
Hermann Stadler. Stadler H. Eupatorion. In: Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, Band VI,1, Stuttgart 1907, Spalten 1162 bis 1163.. 1907. Source

Legal notice: The depiction of historical significance and traditional use is context within our encyclopedia and not a health claim for any product, not a treatment promise, and not a substitute for medical advice. What may be stated on product labels, product pages, or in advertising is governed by the applicable legal requirements.